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Literature: an introduction to fiction, poetry, drama, and writing
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9780205686117
9780205698813
9780205686100
9780205230396
9780205230389
9780205698813
9780205686100
9780205230396
9780205230389
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Table of Contents
From the Book - Regular Print - Twelfth edition.
Fiction, Talking with Amy Tan
1. Reading a story : The art of fiction
Types of short fiction ; W. Somerset Maugham, The appointment in Samarra ; Aesop, The fox and the grapes ; Bidpai, The camel and his friends ; Chuang Tzu, Independence ; Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, Godfather death
Plot
The short story ; John Updike, A & P
Writing effectively ; John Updike on writing, why write?
2. Point of view : Identifying point of view
Types of narrators
Stream of consciousness ; William Faulkner, A rose for Emily ; ZZ Packer, Brownies ; Eudora Welty, A worn path ; James Baldwin, Sonny's blues
Writing effectively ; James Baldwin on writing, Race and the African American writer.
3. Character : Types of characters ; Katherine Anne Porter, The jilting of Granny Weatherall ; Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown ; Katherine Mansfield, Mill Brill ; Raymond Carver, Cathedral
Writing effectively ; Raymond Carter on writing, Commonplace but precise language.
Setting : Elements of setting
Historical fiction
Regionalism
Naturalism ; Kate Chopin, The storm ; Jack London, To build a fire ; Ray Bradbury, A sound of thunder ; Amy Tan, A pair of tickets
Writing effectively ; Amy Tan on writing, Setting the voice.
5. Tone and style : Tone
Style
Diction ; Ernest Hemingway, A clean, well-lighted place ; William Faulkner, Barn burning
Irony ; O. Henry, The gift of the magi ; Anne Tyler, Teenage wasteland
Writing effectively ; Ernest Hemingway on writing, The direct style.
6. Theme : Plot versus theme
Theme as a unifying device
Finding the theme ; Stephen Crane, The open boat ; Alice Munro, How I met my husband ; Luke 15:11-32, The parable of the prodigal son ; Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Harrison Bergeron
Writing effectively ; Kurt Vonnegut on writing, The themes of science fiction
Thinking about the theme
Checklist : Writing about theme
Writing assignment on theme
More topics for writing
Terms for review.
7. Symbol : Allegory
Symbols
Recognizing symbols ; John Steinbeck, The chrysanthemums ; John Cheever, The swimmer ; Ursula K. Le Guin, The ones who walk away from Omelas ; Shirley Jackson, The lottery
Writing effectively ; Shirley Jackson on writing, Biography of a story ; Sample student paper, An analysis of the symbolism in Steinbeck's "The chrysanthemums."
8. Reading long stories and novels : Origins of the novel
Novelistic methods
Reading novels ; Leo Tolstoy, The death of Ivan Hych ; Franz Kafka, The metamorphosis
Writing effectively ; Franz Kafka on writing, Discussing The metamorphosis ; Sample student research paper, Kafka's greatness.
9. Latin American fiction : "El boom"
Magic realism
After the boom ; Jorge Luis Borges, The gospel according to Mark ; Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A very old man with enormous wings ; Isabel Allende, The judge's wife ; Ines Arredondo, The shunammite
Writing effectively ; Gabriel Garcia Marquez on writing, My beginnings as a writer.
10. Two critical casebooks, Edgar Allen Poe and Flannery O'Connor : Edgar Allen Poe ; The tell-tale heart ; The cask of Amontillado ; The fall of the house of Usher
Edgar Allen Poe on writing
Critics on Edgar Allen Poe
Flannery O'Connor ; A good man is hard to find ; Flannery O'Connor on writing
Critics on Flannery O'Connor
Writing effectively.
11. Critical casebook, two stories in depth : Charlotte Perkins Gilman ; The yellow wallpaper
Charlotte Perkins Gilman on writing
Critics on "The yellow wallpaper"
Alice Walker
Alice Walker on writing
Critics on "Everyday use"
Writing effectively.
12. Stories for further reading : Chinua Achebe, Dead men's path ; Sherman Alexie, This is what it means to say Phoenix, Arizona ; Margaret Atwood, Happy endings ; Toni Cade Bambara, The lesson ; Ambrose Bierce, An occurrence at Owl Creek bridge ; T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy lake ; Will Cather, Paul's case ; Kate Chopin, The story of an hour ; Sandra Cisneros, The house on Mango Street ; Ralph Ellison, Battle royal ; Zora Neale Hurston, Sweat ; James Joyce, Araby ; Jamaica Kincaid, Girl ; Jhumpa Lahiri, Interpreter of maladies ; D.H. Lawrence, The rocking-horse winner ; David Leavitt, A place I've never seen before ; Naguib Mahfouz, The lawsuit ; Bobbie Ann Mason, Shiloh ; Joyce Carol Oates, Where are you going, where have you been? ; Tim O'Brien, The things they carried ; Daniel Orozco, Orientation ; Tobias Wolff, The rich brother ; Virginia Woolf, A haunted house.
Poetry, Talking with Kay Ryan
13. Reading a poem : Poetry or verse
Reading a poem ; Paraphrase : William Butler Yeats, The lake isle of Innisfree
Lyric poetry : Robert Hayden, Those winter Sundays ; Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer's tigers
Narrative poetry ; Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spence ; Robert Frost, "Out, out
"
Dramatic poetry ; Robert Browning, My last duchess
Didactic poetry
Writing effectively ; Adrienne Rich on writing, recalling "Aunt Jennifer's tigers" ; William Stafford, Ask me ; William Stafford, a paraphrase of "Ask me."
14. Listening to a voice : Tone ; Theodore Roethke, My papa's waltz ; Countee Cullen, For a lady I know ; Anne Bradstreet, The author is her book ; Walt Whitman, To a locomotive in winter ; Emily Dickinson, I like to see it lap the miles ; Benjamin Alire Saenz, To the desert ; Gwendolyn Brooks, Speech to the young, speech to the progress-toward ; Weldon Kees, For my daughter
The person in the poem ; Natasha Trethewey, White lies ; Edwin Arlington Robinson, Luke Havergal ; Ted Hughes, Hawk roosting ; Anonymous, Dog haiku ; William Wordsworth, I wandered lonely as a cloud ; Dorothy Wordsworth, Journal entry ; James Stephens, A glass of beer ; Anne Sexton, Her kind ; William Carlos Williams, The red wheelbarrow
Irony ; Robert Creeley, Oh no ; W.H. Auden, The unknown citizen ; Sharon Olds, Rite of passage ; Julie Sheehan, Hate poem ; Sarah N. Cleghorn, The golf links ; Edna St. Vincent Millay, Second fig ; Thomas Hardy, The workbox
For review and further study ; William Blake, The chimney sweeper ; William Jay Smith, American primitive ; David Lehman, Rejection slip ; William Stafford, At the un-national monument along the Canadian border ; Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta ; Wilfred Owen, Dulce et decorum est
Writing effectively ; Wilfred Owen on writing, War poetry ; Sample student paper, Word choice, tone, and point of view in Roethke's "My papa's waltz."
15. Words : Literal meaning : What a poem says first ; William Carlos Williams, This is just to say
Diction ; Marianne Moore, Silence ; Robert Graves, Down, wanton, down! ; John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God, for you
The value of a dictionary ; Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Aftermath ; Kay Ryan, Mockingbird ; J.V. Cunningham, Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lied dead ; Samuel Menashe, Bread ; Carl Sandburg, Grass
Word choice and word order ; Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's clothes ; Kay Ryan, Blandeur ; Thomas Hardy, The ruined maid ; Richard Eberhart, The fury of aerial bombardment ; Wendy Cope, Lonely hearts
For review and further study ; E.E. Cummings, Anyone lived in a pretty how town ; Billy Collins, The names ; Christian Wiman, When the time's toxins ; Anonymous, Carnation milk ; Gina Valdes, English con salsa ; Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky
Writing effectively ; Lewis Carroll, Humpty Dumpty explicates "Jabberwocky."
16. Saying and suggesting : Denotation and connotation ; John Masefield, Cargoes ; William Blake, London ; Wallace Stevens, Disillusionment of ten o'clock ; Gwendolyn Brooks, The bean eaters ; E.E. Cummings, Next to of course God America i ; Robert Frost, Fire and ice ; Timothy Steele, Epitaph ; Diane Thiel, The minefield ; H.D., Storm ; Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Tears, idle tears ; Richard Wilbur, Love calls us to the things of this world
Writing effectively ; Richard Wilbur on writing, Concerning "Love calls us to the things of this world."
17. Imagery : Ezra Pound, In a station of the metro ; Taniguchi Buson, The piercing chill I feel
Imagery ; T.S. Eliot, The winter evening settles down ; Theodore Roethke, Root cellar ; Elizabeth Bishop, The fish ; Charles Simic, Fork ; Emily Dickinson, A route of evanescence ; Jean Toomer, Reapers ; Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied beauty
About haiku ; Arakida Moritake, The falling flower ; Matsuo Basho, Heat-lightening streak ; Matsuo Basho, In the old stone pool ; Taniguchi Buson, On the one-ton temple bell ; Taniguchi Buson, Moonrise on mudflats ; Kobayashi Issa, Only one guy ; Kobayashi Issa, Cricket
Haiku from Japanese internment camps ; Suiko Matsushita, Rain shower from mountain ; Suiko Matsushita, Cosmos in bloom ; Hakuro Wada, Even the croaking of frogs ; Neiji Ozawa, The war
this year
Contemporary haiku ; Etheridge Knight, Making jazz swing in ; Gary Snyder, After weeks of watching the roof leak ; Jennifer Brutschy, Born again ; Adelle Foley, Learning to shave ; Garry Gay, Hole in the ozone
For review and further study ; John Keats, Bright star! would I were steadfast as thou art ; Walt Whitman, The runner ; H.D., Oread ; William Carlos Williams, El hombre ; Robert Bly, Driving to town late to mail a letter ; Billy Collins, Embrace ; Chana Bloch, Tired sex ; Gary Snyder, Mid-August at sourdough mountain lookout ; Kevin Prufer, Pause, pause ; Stevie Smith, Not waving but drowning
Writing effectively ; Ezra Pound on writing, The image ; Sample student paper, Faded beauty : Elizabeth Bishop's use of imagery in "The fish."
18 Figures of speech : Why speak figuratively? ; Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The eagle ; William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? ; Howard Moss, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Metaphor and simile ; Emily Dickinson, My life had stood
a loaded gun ; Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Flower in the crannied wall ; William Blake, To see a world in a grain of sand ; Sylvia Plath, Metaphors ; N. Scott Momaday, Simile ; Emily Dickinson, It dropped so low
in my regard ; Jill Alexander Essbaum, The heart ; Craig Raine, A martian sends a postcard home
Other figures of speech ; James Stephens, The wind ; Robinson Jeffers, Hands ; Margaret Atwood, you fit into me ; George Herbert, The pulley ; Dana Gioia, Money ; Carl Sandburg, Fog ; Charles Simic, My shoes
For review and further study ; Robert Frost, The silken tent ; Jane Kenyon, The suitor ; Robert Frost, The secret sits ; A.R. Ammons, Coward ; Kay Ryan, Turtle ; April Lindner, Low tide ; Emily Bronte, Love and friendship ; Robert Burns, Oh, my love is like a red, red rose
Writing effectively ; Robert Frost on writing, The importance of poetic metaphor.
19. Song : Singing and saying ; Ben Johnson, To Celia ; James Weldon Johnson, Sence you went away ; William Shakespeare, Fear no more the heat o' the sun ; Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory ; Paul Simon, Richard Cory
Ballads ; Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan ; Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham
Blues ; Bessie Smith with Clarence Williams, Jailhouse blues ; W.H. Auden, Funeral blues ; Kevin Young, Late blues
Rap
For review and further study ; Bob Dylan, The times they are a-changin' ; Aimee Mann, Deathly
Writing effectively ; Bob Dylan on writing, The term "Protest singer" didn't exist.
20. Sound : Sound as meaning ; Alexander Pope, True ease in writing comes from art, not chance ; William Butler Yeats, Who goes with Fergus? ; John Updike, Recital ; William Wordsworth, A slumber did my spirit seal ; Aphra Behn, When maidens are young
Alliteration and assonance ; A.E. Housman, Eight o'clock ; James Joyce, All day I hear ; Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The splendor falls on castle walls
Rime ; William Cole, On my boat on Lake Cayuga ; Hilaire Belloc, The hippopotamus ; Bob Kaufman, No more jazz at Alcatraz ; William Butler Yeats, Lead and the swan ; Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's grandeur ; Robert Frost, Desert places
Reading and hearing poems aloud ; Michael Stillman, In memoriam John Coltrane ; William Shakespeare, Hark, hark, the lark ; Kevin Young, Doo wop ; T.S. Eliot, Virginia
Writing effectively ; T.S. Eliot on writing, The music of poetry.
21. Rhythm : Stresses and pauses ; Gwendolyn Brooks, We real cool ; Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, break, break ; Ben Johnson, Slow, slow, fresh fount, keep time with my salt tears ; Dorothy Parker, Resume
Meter ; Edna St. Vincent Millay, Counting-out rhyme ; Edith Sitwell, Mariner man ; A.E. Houseman, When I was one-and-twenty ; William Carlos Williams, Smell! ; Walt Whitman, Beat! beat! drums! ; David Mason, Song of the powers ; Langston Hughes, Dream boogie
Writing effectively ; Gwendolyn Brooks on writing, Hearing "We real cool."
22. Closed form : Formal patterns ; John Keats, This living hand, now warm and capable ; Robert Graves, Counting the beats ; John Donne, Song ("Go and catch a falling star") ; Phillis Levin, Brief bio
The sonnet ; William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds ; Michael Drayton, Since there's no help, come let us kiss and part ; Edna St. Vincent Millay, What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why ; Robert Frost, Acquainted with the night ; Kim Addonizio, First poem for you ; Mark Jarman, Unholy sonnet : after the praying ; A.E. Stalling, Sinequa non ; Amit Majmudar, Rites to ally the dead ; R.S. Gwynn, Shakespearean sonnet
The epigram ; Sir John Harrington, Of treason ; William Blake, To h- ; Langston Hughes, Two somewhat different epigrams ; Dorothy Parker, The actress ; John Frederick Nims, Contemplation ; Hilaire Belloc, Fatigue ; Wendy Cope, Variation on Belloc's "Fatigue"
Poetweets ; Lawrence Bridges, Two poetweets ; Robert Pinsky, Low pay piecework
Other forms ; Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night ; Robert Bridges, Triolet ; Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina
Writing effectively ; A.E. Stallings on writing, On for and artifice.
23. Open form ; Denise Levertov, Ancient stairway
Free verse : E.E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill's ; W.S. Merwin, For the anniversary of my death ; William Carlos Williams, The dance ; Stephen Crane, The wayfarer ; Walt Whitman, Cavalry crossing a ford ; Ezra Pound, The garden ; Wallace Stephens, Thirteen ways of looking at a blackbird
Prose poetry ; Charles Simic, The magic study of happiness ; Joy Harjo, Mourning song
Visual poetry ; George Herbert, Easter wings ; John Hollander, Swan and shadow
Concrete poetry ; Richard Kostelanetz, Ramon Gomez de la Serna, Simultaneous translations ; Dorthi Charles, Concrete cat
For review and further study ; E.E. Cummings, In just- ; Francisco X. Alarcon, Frontera/border ; Carole Satyamurti, I shall paint my nails red ; David St. John, Hush ; Alice Fulton, What I like
Writing effectively ; Walt Whitman on writing, The poetry of the future.
24. Symbol : The meanings of a symbol ; T.S. Eliot, The Boston evening transcript ; Emily Dickinson, The lightening is a yellow fork
The symbolist movement
Identifying symbols ; Thomas Hardy, Neutral tones
Allegory ; Matthew 13:24-30, The parable of the good seed ; George Herbert, Redemption ; Edwin Markham, Outwitted ; Suji Kwock Kim, Occupation ; Robert Frost, The road not taken ; Antonio Machado, Proverbios y cantares (XXIX), translated by Dana Gioia, Traveler ; Christian Rossetti, Uphill
For review and further study ; William Carlos Williams, The young housewife ; Ted Kooser, Carrie ; Mary Oliver, Wild geese ; Tami Haaland, Lipstick ; Lorine Niedecker, Popcorn-can cover ; Wallace Stevens, The snow man ; Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the jar
Writing effectively ; William Butler Yeats on writing, Poetic symbols.
25. Myth and narrative : Origins of myth ; Robert Frost, Nothing gold can stay ; William Wordsworth, The world is too much with us ; H.D., Helen ; Edgar Allen Poe, To Helen
Archetype ; Louise Bogan, Medusa ; John Keats, La belle dame sans merci
Personal myth ; William Butler Yeats, The second coming ; Gregory Orr, Two lines from the brothers Grimm
Myth and popular culture ; Charles Martin, Taken up ; A.E. Stallings, First love : a quiz ; Anne Sexton, Cinderella
Writing effectively ; Anne Sexton on writing, Transforming fairy tales ; Sample student paper, The bonds between love and hatred.
26. Poetry and personal identity : Confessional poetry ; Sylvia Plath, Lady Lazarus
Identity Poetics ; Rhina Espaillat, Bilingual/Bilingue
Culture, race, and ethnicity ; Claude McKay, America ; Shirley Ceok-lin Lim, Riding into California ; Francisco X. Alarcon, The X in my name ; Judith Ortiz Cofer, Quinceanera ; Sherman Alexie, The powwow at the end of the world ; Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing it
Gender ; Anne Stevenson, Sous-entendu ; Carolyn Kizer, Bitch ; Rafael Campo, For J.W. ; Donald Justice, Men at forty ; Adrienne Rich, Women
For review and further study ; Brian Turner, The hurt locker ; Katha Pollitt, Mind-body problem ; Andrew Hudgins, Elegy for my father, who is not dead ; Philip Larkin, Aubade
Writing effectively ; Rhina Espaillat on writing, Being a bilingual writer.
27. Translation : Is poetic translation possible?
World poetry ; Li Po, Drinking alone beneath the moon (Chinese text) ; Li po, Yue xia du zhoe (phonetic Chinese transcription) ; Li Po, Moon-beneath alone drink (literal translation), translated by Arthur Waley, Drinking alone by moonlight
Comparing translations ; Horace, "Carpe diem" ode (Latin text) ; Horace, "Carpe diem" ode (literal translation), translated by Edwin Arlington Robinson, Horace to Leuconoe, translated by A.E. Stallings, A New Year's toast
Translating form ; Omar Khayyam, Rubai XII (Persian text) ; Omar Khayyam, Rubai XII (literal translation), translated by Edward FitzGerald, A book of verses underneath the bough, translated by Dick Davis, I need a bare sufficiency ; Omar Khayyam, Rubaiyat, translated by Edward FitzGerald, Come, fill the cup, and in the fire of spring, translated by Edward FitzGerald, Some for the glories of this world, translated by Edward FitzGerald, The moving finger writes, translated by Edward FitzGerald, Ah love! could you and I with Him conspire
Parady ; Anonymous, We four lads from Liverpool are ; Hugh Kingsmill, What, still alive at twenty-two? ; Andrea Paterson, Because I could not dump ; Harryette Mullen, Dim lady ; Gene Fehler, If Richard Lovelace became a free agent ; Aaron Abeyta, thirteen ways of looking at a tortilla
Writing effectively ; Arthur Waley on writing, The method of translation.
28. Poetry in Spanish : Literature of Latin America ; Sor Juana, Presente en que el carino hace regalo la llaneza, translated by Diane Thiel, A simple gift made rich by affection ; Pablo Neruda, Muchos somos, translated by Alastair Reid, We are many ; Jorge Luis Borges, On his blindness, translated by Robert Mezey, On his blindness ; Octavio Paz, Con los ojos cerrados, translated by Eliot Weinberger, With eyes closed
Surrealism in Latin American poetry ; Frida Kahlo, The two Fridas ; Cesar Vellejo, La colera que quiebra al hombre en ninos, translated by Thomas Merton, Anger
Contemporary Mexican poetry ; Jose Emilio Pacheco, Alta traicion, translated by Alastair Reid, High treason ; Pedro Serrano, Golondrinas, translated by Anna Crowe, Swallows ; Tedi Lopez Mills, Convalecencia, translated by Cheryl Clark, Convalescence
Writing effectively ; Alastair Reid on writing, Translating Neruda.
29. Recognizing excellence ; Anonymous, O moon, when I gaze on thy beautiful face ; Emily Dickinson, A dying tiger
moaned for a drink
Sentimentality ; Rod McKuen, Thoughts on capital punishment ; William Stafford, Traveling through the dark
Recognizing excellence ; William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium ; Arthur Guiterman, On the vanity of earthly greatness ; Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias ; Robert Hayden, Frederick Douglass ; Elizabeth Bishop, One art ; John Keats, Ode to a nightingale ; Walt Whitman, O captain! My captain! ; Dylan Thomas, In my craft or sullen art ; Paul Lawrence Dunbar, We wear the mask ; Emma Lazarus, The new collossus ; Edgar Allen Poe, Annabel Lee
Writing effectively ; Edgar Allen Poe on writing, A long poem does not exist.
30. What is poetry? ; Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica ; Dante, Samuel Johnson, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Thomas Hardy, Emily Dickinson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Robert Frost, Wallace Stevens, Mina Loy, T.S. Eliot, W.H. Auden, Jose Garcia Villa, Christopher Fry, Elizabeth Bishop, Joy Harjo, Octavio Paz, Denise Levertov, Lucille Clifton, Charles Simic, Some definitions of poetry.
31. Two critical casebooks : Emily Dickinson and Langston Hughes
Emily Dickinson
Emily Dickinson on Emily Dickinson
Critics on Emily Dickinson ; Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Meeting Emily Dickinson ; Thomas H. Johnson, The discovery of Emily Dickinson's manuscripts ; Richard Wilbur, The three privations of Emily Dickinson ; Cynthia Griffin Wolff, Dickinson and death (a reading of "Because I could not stop for death") ; Judith Farr, A reading of "My life had stood
a loaded gun" ; Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The freedom of Emily Dickinson
Langston Hughes
Langston Hughes on writing
Critics on Langston Hughes ; Arnold Rampersad, Hughes as an experimentalist ; Rita Dove and Marily Nelson, The voices in Langston Hughes ; Darryl Pinckney, Black identity in Langston Hughes ; Peter Townsend, Langston Hughes and jazz ; Onwuchekwa Jemie, A reading of "Dream deferred"
Writing effectively.
32. Critical casebook : T.S. Eliot's "The love song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
T.S. Eliot
Publishing 'Prufrock"
The reviewers on Prufrock ; Unsigned, Review from Times Literary Supplement ; Unsigned, Review from Literary World ; Conrad Aiken, from "Divers Realists," The Dial ; Babette Deutsch, from "Another Impressionist," The New Republic ; Marianne Moore, from "A Note on T.S. Eliot's Book," Poetry ; May Sinclair, from "Prufrock and Other Observations : A Criticism," The Little Review
T.S. Eliot on writing
Critics on "Prufrock" ; Denis Donoghue, One of the irrefutable poets ; Christopher Ricks, What's in a name? ; Philip R. Headings, The pronouns in the poem : "One," "You," and "I" ; Maud Ellmann, Will there be time? ; Burton Raffel, "Indeterminacy" in Eliot's poetry ; John Berryman, Prufrock's dilemma ; M.L. Rosenthal, Adolescents singing
Writing effectively.
33. Poems for further reading ; Anonymous, Lord Randall ; Anonymous, The three ravens ; Anonymous, Last words of the prophet ; Matthew Arnold, Dover beach ; John Ashberry, At north farm ; Margaret Atwood, Siren song ; W.H. Auden, As I walked out one evening ; W.H. Auden, Musee des beaux arts ; Jimmy Santiago Baca, Spliced wire ; Elizabeth Bishop, Filling station ; William Blake, The tyger ; William Blake, The sick rose ; Gwendolyn Brooks, The mother ; Gwendolyn Brooks, The rites for cousin Vit ; Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How do I love thee? Let me count the ways ; Robert Browning, Soliloquy of the Spanish cloister ; Charles Bukowski, Dostoevsky ; Loran Dee Cervantes, Cannery town in August ; Geoffrey Chaucer, Merciless beauty ; John Ciardi, Most like an arch this marriage ; Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla khan ; Billy Collins, Care and feeding ; Hart Crane, My grandmother's love letters ; E.E. Cummings, Somewhere I have never travelled, gladly beyond ; Marisa de los Santos, Perfect dress ; John Donne, Death be not proud ; John Donne, The flea ; John Donne, A valediction : forbidding mourning ; Rita Dove, Daystar ; T.S. Eliot, Journey of the magi ; Robert Frost, Birches ; Robert Frost, Mending wall ; Robert Frost, Stopping by woods on a snowy evening ; Allen Ginsberg, A supermarket in California ; Thomas Hardy, The convergence of the twain ; Thomas Hardy, The darkling thrush ; Thomas Hardy, Hap ; Seamus Heaney, Digging ; Anthony Hecht, The vow ; George Herbert, Love ; Robert Herrick, To the virgins, to make much of time ; Tony Hoagland, Beauty ; Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and fall ; Gerard Manley Hopkins, The windhover ; A.E. Housman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now ; A.E. Housman, To an athlete dying young ; Randall Jarrell, The death of the ball turret gunner ; Robinson Jeffers, Rock and hawk ; Ha Jin, Missed time ; Ben Jonson, On my first son ; Donald Justice, On the death of friends in childhood ; John Keats, Ode on a Grecian urn ; John Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to be ; John Keats, To autumn ; Ted Keeser, Abandoned farmhouse ; Philip Larkin, Home is so sad ; Philip Larkin, Poetry departures ; D.H. Lawrence, Piano ; Denise Levertov, O taste and see ; Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Learning to love America ; Robert Lowell, Skunk hour ; Andrew Marvell, To his coy mistress ; Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo ; John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent ; Marianne Moore, Poetry ; Marilyn Nelson, A strange beautiful woman ; Howard Nemerov, The war in the air ; Lorine Niedecker, Sorrow moves in wide waves ; Sharon Olds, The one girl at the boys' party ; Wilfred Owen, Anthem for doomed youth ; Sylvia Plath, Daddy ; Edgar Allen Poe, A dream within a dream ; Alexander Pope, A little learning is a dang'rous thing ; Ezra Pound, The river-merchant's wife : a letter ; Dudley Randall, A different image ; John Crowe Ransom, Piazza piece ; Henry Reed, Naming of parts ; Adrienne Rich, Living in sin ; Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver cheevy ; Theodore Roethke, Elegy for Jane ; William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with fortune and men's eyes ; William Shakespeare, When to the sessions of sweet silent thought ; William Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me behold ; William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun ; Charles Simic, Butcher shop ; Christopher Smart, For I will consider my cat Jeoffry ; Cathy Song, Stamp collecting ; William Stafford, The farm on the great plains ; Wallace Stevens, The emperor of ice-cream ; Jonathan Swift, A description of the morning ; Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses ; Dylan Thomas, Fern hill ; John Updike, Ex-basketball player ; Derek Walcott, Sea grapes ; Margaret Walker, For Malcolm X ; Edmund Waller, Go, lovely rose ; Walt Whitman, from Song of the open road ; Walt Whitman, I hear America singing ; Richard Wilbur, The writer ; William Carlos Williams, Spring and all ; William Carlos Williams, Queen-Anne's-Lace ; William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge ; James Wright, Autumn begins in Martin's Ferry, Ohio ; Mary Sidney Wroth, In this strange labyrinth ; Sir Thomas Wyatt, They flee from me that sometime did me seke ; William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane talks with the bishop ; William Butler Yeats, The magi ; William Butler Yeats, When you are old.
Drama, Talking with David Ives
34. Reading a play : Theatrical conventions
Elements of a play ; Susan Glaspell, Trifles
Analyzing Trifles
Writing effectively ; Susan Glaspell on writing, Creating Trifles ; Sample student paper, Outside Trifles.
35. Modes of drama : Tragedy and comedy ; Tragedy ; Christopher Marlowe, Scene from Doctor Faustus
Comedy ; David Ives, Sure thing
Writing effectively ; David Ives on writing, On the one-act play.
36. Critical casebook : Sophocles
The theater of Sophocles
The civic role of Greek drama
Aristotle's concept of tragedy
Sophocles
The origins of Oedipus the king ; Sophocles, Oedipus the king (translated by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald)
The background of Antigone ; Sophocles, Antigone (translated by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald)
Critics on Sophocles ; Aristotle, Defining tragedy ; Sigmund Freud, The destiny of Oedipus ; E.R. Dodds, On misunderstanding Oedipus ; A.E. Haigh, The irony of Sophocles ; David Wiles, The chorus as democrat ; Patricia M. Lines, What is Antigone's tragic flaw?
Writing effectively ; Robert Fitzgerald on writing, Translating Sophocles into English.
37. Critical casebook : Shakespeare
The theater of Shakespeare
William Shakespeare
A note on Othello
Picturing Othello ; William Shakespeare, Othello, the moor of Venice
The background of Hamlet
Picturing Hamlet ; William Shakespeare, Hamlet, prince of Denmark
The background of A midsummer night's dream ; William Shakespeare, A midsummer night's dream
Critics on Shakespeare ; Anthony Burgess, An Asian culture looks at Shakespeare ; W.H. Auden, Iago as a triumphant villain ; Maud Bodkin, Lucifer in Shakespeare's Othello ; Virginia Mason Vaughan, Black and white in Othello ; A.C. Bradley, Hamlet's melancholy ; Rebecca West, Hamlet and Ophelia ; Jan Kott, Producing Hamlet ; Johann von Goethe, Hamlet as a hero unfit for his destiny ; Edgar Allen Poe, Hamlet as a fictional character ; Clare Asquith, Shakespeare's language as a hidden political code ; Germaine Greer, Shakespeare's "honest mirth" ; Linda Bamber, Female power in A midsummer night's dream
Writing effectively ; Ben Johnson on writing, On his friend and rival ; Sample student paper, Othello, tragedy or soap opera?
38. The modern theater : Realism
Naturalism
Symbolism and expressionism
American modernism ; Henrik Ibsen, A doll's house (translated by R. Farquharson Sharp, revised by Viktoria Michelsen) ; Henrik Ibsen on writing, Correspondence on the final scene of A doll's house ; Tennessee Williams, The glass menagerie ; Tennessee Williams on writing, How to stage The glass menagerie
Tragicomedy and the absurd
Return to realism
Experimental drama ; Milcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban swimmer ; Milcha Sanchez Scott on writing, Writing the Cuban
Documentary drama ; Anna Deavere Smith, Scenes from Twilight : Los Angeles ; Anna Deavere Smith on writing, A call to the community
Writing effectively ; Sample student paper, Helmer vs. Helmer.
39. Evaluating a play : writing effectively.
40. Plays for further reading : David Henry Hwang, The sound of a voice ; David Henry Hwang on writing, Multicultural theater ; Edward Bok Lee, El santo Americano ; Edward Bok Lee on writing, On being a Korean American writer ; Jane Martin, Beauty ; Arthur Miller, Death of a salesman ; Arthur Miller on writing, Tragedy and the common man ; August Wilson, Fences ; August Wilson on writing, A look into black America.
Writing
41. Writing about literature : Read actively ; Robert Frost, Nothing gold can stay
Plan your essay
Prewriting : Discover your ideas ; Sample student Prewriting exercises
Develop a literary argument
Write a rough draft ; Sample student paper, rough draft
Revise your draft
Final advice on rewriting ; Sample student paper, revised draft
Document sources to avoid plagiarism
The form of your finished paper
Spell-check and grammar-check programs ; Anonymous (after a poem by Jerrold H. Zar), A little poem.
42. Writing about a story : Read actively
Think about the story
Prewriting : discover your ideas ; Sample student prewriting exercises
Write a rough draft
Revise your draft
what's your purpose? Common approaches to writing about fiction
Topics for writing.
43. Writing about a poem : Read actively ; Robert Frost, Design
Think about the poem
Prewriting : discover your ideas ; Sample student prewriting exercises
Write a rough draft
Revise your draft
Common approaches to writing about poetry
How to quote a poem
Topics for writing ; Robert Frost, In white.
44. Writing about a play : Read critically
Common approached to writing about drama
How to quote a play
Topics for writing.
45. Writing a research paper : Browse the research
Choose a topic
Begin your research ; Print resources ; Online databases ; Reliable web resources ; Visual images
Evaluate your sources ; Print resources ; Web resources
Organize your research
Refine your thesis
Organize your paper
Write and revise
Maintain academic integrity
Acknowledge all sources ; Using quotations ; Citing ideas
Document sources using MLA style ; List of sources ; Parenthetical references ; Works-cited list ; Citing print sources in MLA style ; Citing web sources in MLA style ; Sample list of works cited
Endnotes and footnotes
Sample student research paper ; Sample student research paper, Kafka's greatness
Concluding thoughts.
Reference guide for MLA citations
46. Writing as discovery : Keeping a journal ; The rewards of keeping a journal
Sample journal entry ; Sample student journal.
47. Writing an essay exam : Practice essay exam ; Toni Cade Bambara, The lesson.
48. Critical approaches to literature : Formalist criticism ; Cleanth Brooks, The formalist critic ; Michael Clark, Light and darkness in "Sonny's blues" ; Robert Langbaum, On Robert Browning's "My last duchess"
Biographical criticism ; Leslie Fiedler, The relationship of poet and poem ; Brett C. Miller, On Elizabeth Bishop's "One art" ; Emily Toth, The source for Alcee Laballiere in "The storm
Historical criticism ; Hugh Kenner, Imagism ; Seamus Deane, Joyce's vision of Dublin ; Kathryn Lee Seidel, The economics of Zora Neale Hurston's "Sweat
Psychological criticism ; Sigmund Freud, The nature of dreams ; Gretchen Schulz and R.J.R. Rockwood, Fairy tale motifs in "Where are you going, where have you been?" ; Harold Bloom, Poetic influence
Mythological criticism ; Carl Jung, The collective unconscious and archetypes ; Northrop Frye, Mythic archetypes ; Edmond Volpe, Myth in Faulkner's "Barn burning"
Sociological criticism ; Georg Lukacs, Content determines form ; Daniel P. Watkins, Money and labor in "The rocking-horse winner" ; Alfred Kazin, Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln
Gender criticism ; Elaine Showalter, Toward a feminist poetics ; Nina Pelikan Straus, Transformations in the metamorphosis ; Richard R. Bozorth, "Tell me the truth about love"
Reader-response criticism ; Stanley Fish, An Eskimo "A rose for Emily" ; Robert Scholes, "How do we make a poem?" ; Michael J. Colacurcio, The end of your Goodman Brown
Deconstructionist criticism ; Roland Barthes, The death of the author ; Barbara Johnson, Rigorous unreliability ; Geoffrey Harman, On Wordsworth's "A slumber did my spirit seal"
Cultural studies ; Vincent B. Leitch, Postculturalist cultural critique ; Mark Bauerlein, What is cultural studies? ; Camille Paglia, A reading of William Blake's "The chimney sweeper"
Glossary of literary terms.
From the Book - Regular Print - Eleventh edition.
pt. 1. Fiction: Reading a story
Point of view
Character
Setting
Tone and style
Theme
Symbol
Reading long stories and novels
Latin American fiction
Critical casebook: Flannery O'Connor
Critical casebook: Three stories in depth
Stories for further reading.
pt. 2. Poetry: Talking with Kay Ryan
Reading a poem
Listening to a voice
Words
Saying and suggesting
Imagery
Figures of speech
Song
Sound
Rhythm
Closed form
Open form
Symbol
Myth and narrative
Poetry and personal identity
Translation
Poetry in Spanish: literature of Latin America
Recognizing excellence
What is poetry?
Two critical casebooks: Emily Dickinson and Langston Hughes
Critical casebook: T.S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
Poems for further reading.
pt. 3. Drama: Talking with David Ives
Reading a play
Modes of drama: Tragedy and comedy
Critical casebook: Sophocles
Critical casebook: Shakespeare
The modern theater
Evaluating a play
Plays for further reading.
pt. 4. Writing: Writing about literature
Writing about a story
Writing about a poem
Writing about a play
Writing a research paper
Reference guide for citations
Writing as discovery: keeping a journal
Writing an essay exam
Critical approaches to literature .
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