1 Strengthening Fire Ecology's Roots / E. A. Johnson, K. Miyanishi --
III. Transfer Rates and Budgets 4 --
IV. Examples of Traditional vs. Proposed Approach 5 --
II. Basic Aspects of Combustion in Forest Fires 13 --
III. Temperature, Velocity, Species Concentration, and Flame Height 18 --
IV. Premixed and Diffusion Flames 23 --
V. Extinction of Diffusion Flames 27 --
VI. Diffusion Flames and Scaling Analysis 29 --
VII. Spreading Flames 41 --
VIII. Structure of Flame Base 45 --
3 Combustion Chemistry and Smoke / D. Ward --
II. Fuel Chemistry and Combustion 57 --
III. Smoke Production 62 --
IV. Minimizing Smoke Production 72 --
4 Water Relations of Forest Fuels / Ralph M. Nelson, Jr. --
III. Fuel Moisture Relationships 96 --
IV. Moisture Content Estimation 137 --
5 Wildland Fire Spread Models / R. O. Weber --
II. Head Fire Rate of Spread (Physical Principles and Their Mathematical Embodiment) 152 --
III. Head Fire Rate of Spread: Australia 155 --
IV. Head Fire Rate of Spread: United States 156 --
V. Head Fire Rate of Spread: Canada 158 --
6 Wind-Aided Fire Spread / F. E. Fendell, M. F. Wolff --
II. Laboratory-Scale Setup 176 --
III. Fire Spread Model 180 --
IV. Preliminary Testing of the Model 204 --
V. Test Results for the Effect of Wind Speed and Fuel Loading on the Rate of Fire Spread 214 --
7 Fire Plumes / G. N. Mercer, R. O. Weber --
II. Modeling Fire Temperature Maxima 229 --
III. Plumes above Fires in a Cross Wind 243 --
8 Coupling Atmospheric and Fire Models / Mary Ann Jenkins, Terry Clark, Janice Coen --
II. Vorticity Dynamics in a Fire 260 --
III. Coupling between Atmosphere and Fire 266 --
IV. Elements of Fire Modeling 269 --
V. Modeling the Atmosphere 269 --
Atmosphere Modeling Approach
VII. Idealized Studies of Wildfire Behavior 277 --
VIII. Infrared Observations of Fires 286 --
IX. Conclusions and Future Work 288 --
Appendix I. Circulation and Vorticity 290 --
Appendix II. Development of Vertical Rotation in a Frictionless Fluid 292 --
Appendix III. Generation of Vertical Motion in Rotating Convective Cells 297 --
9 Surface Energy Budget and Fuel Moisture / Kenneth E. Kunkel --
II. Evapotranspiration Processes and the Meteorological Controlling Factors 305 --
III. Estimation of Potential Evapotranspiration Rates 317 --
IV. Functional Dependence of PET and AET 327 --
V. Characteristics of PET 329 --
VI. Near-Surface Environment 333 --
VII. Models of Land-Surface Interactions 336 --
VIII. Remote Sensing of the Surface Energy Budget 339 --
IX. Fire Weather Rating Systems 341 --
10 Climate, Weather, and Area Burned / M. D. Flannigan, B. M. Wotton --
II. Weather and Area Burned
Synoptic Surface Features
III. Weather and Area Burned
IV. Teleconnections 359 --
V. Future Warming and Area Burned 365 --
11 Lightning and Forest Fires / Don Latham, Earle Williams --
III. Previous Studies of Lightning-Initiated Fire 380 --
IV. Interaction between Lightning and Fuels 389 --
V. How Ignition Occurs 391 --
VI. Ignition Experiments with Real Forest Fuels 402 --
VII. Generating Models for Operational Use 406 --
VIII. Smoke, Lightning, and Cloud Microphysics 410 --
IX. Global Implications of Lightning Ignition Characteristics 411 --
12 Statistical Inference for Historical Fire Frequency Using the Spatial Mosaic / W. J. Reed --
II. Graphical Analysis 420 --
III. Statistical Inference with Prespecified Change Points 422 --
IV. Efficiency of Sample vs. Map Data 427 --
V. Determining Epochs of Constant Fire Frequency 430 --
13 Duff Consumption / K. Miyanishi --
II. Characteristics of Duff 439 --
III. Empirical Studies of Duff Consumption 441 --
IV. Flaming Combustion 443 --
V. Smoldering Combustion and Pyrolysis 448 --
VI. Models of Smoldering Combustion 456 --
VII. Contribution of Smoldering Combustion Models to Understanding of Duff Consumption 464 --
14 Fire Effects on Trees / M. B. Dickinson, E. A. Johnson --
II. Effects of Fire on the Tree Bole 483 --
III. Effects of Fire on Canopy Components 505 --
15 Forest Fire Management / David L. Martell --
II. Relationship between Fire and Forest Land Management Objectives 532 --
III. Assessing Fire Impacts 534 --
IV. Forest Fire Management Organizations 544 --
V. Level of Fire Protection Planning 572 --